Year 10 PDHPE

PDHPE -Final Exam- Notes

Alcohol and you

Alcohol is a colourless chemical liquid, which is produced when the sugars in fruits or grain ferment

It is a drug and drugs are:

• Any chemical substances which effect the normal way that a person’s mind or body functions

Pure alcohol has no taste or color. The drinks that are made from alcohol vary because of the ingredients added

Alcohol can be called a food because it does provide energy (kilojoules) but it contains no vitamins or protein and is therefore of little nutritional value

The body rids of a small amount of alcohol via the lungs (breathing), kidneys (urine) and skin (perspiration)

Over 90% of alcohol is removed via the liver

It takes one hour to process one standard drink and there is no way to speed up the process

Effects of Alcohol on the body

Brain Memory loss Confusion Hallucinations Fits Permanent damage Decreased ability to learn new things	Muscles Weakness Loss of muscle tissue
Liver Impaired liver function Swelling Pain Inflammation and hepatitis Cirrhosis (scarring) Cancer	Heart High blood pressure Uneven pulse Damaged muscle tissue
Stomach Lining becomes inflamed Bleeding Ulcers	Intestines Inflammation Bleeding Ulcers
Pancreas Painful inflammation Bleeding	Nervous System Loss of sensation in hands and feet Tingling

The effects of alcohol can depend on:

Age and Gender	Mood
How much and quickly the alcohol is consumed	Body build
Food	General Health
Individual Experience	Drug Use

 

Social Effects of Alcohol

Relationships	Work
Money	Personality
Individual’s appearance

Tolerance and Dependence

Tolerance of alcohol means that a person needs increasing quantities of alcohol to achieve the same effects as they did before with smaller amounts

Dependence on alcohol means that alcohol becomes central to a person’s thoughts, emotions

Withdrawal symptoms occur when a dependent person stops or cuts down their drinking a lot

Symptoms include:

Anxiety	Perspiring	Vomiting
Convulsions	Hallucinations

Blood Alcohol Level (BAL)

BAL is the measure of the amount of alcohol in a person’s blood

BAL depends on a number of factors:

• The amount drunk
• The rate of drinking
• The size, build and sex of the drinker
• Consumption of food

• A blood test is the only completely accurate way of measuring BAL

Drive to Survive

Young people are the most at risk of getting killed or injured by driving

The number has lessened because of:

Safer cars and roads	Compulsory wearing of seat belts
Blood alcohol concentration limits	Speed controls
Red light cameras	Compulsory child restraint legislation

Crashes are caused because:

Drivers fail to see or understand the implications of some hazards	Are trying to control a powerful vehicle
External conditions: Road surfaces Weather Traffic Speed Vehicle faults	Internal problems: Alcohol Drugs Lack of concentration Unnecessary risk taking Other passengers

Pedestrians are also at a high risk on the roads

Causes of Accidents usually are:

Lack of Knowledge	Lack of Skill
Unsafe environments	Unsafe attitudes and behaviour
Emotional factors

 

Crashes rarely have a single cause. Usually several factors contributing are:

Vehicle factors: 5-10%

Road factors: 10-20%

Human factors: more than 90%

• Speeding has a major influence on the risk of being involved in a crash
• There is less time to react to danger that might be beyond your control

Common sense on speed

Approaching corners and curves	Near level railway crossings
On narrow or winding roads	In areas near schools and pre-schools
Near bus stops and school children	In heavy traffic
In local streets, near playgrounds and parks	In poor visibility situations
In poor weather conditions	Near traffic accidents
In shopping centres and car parks	When using roadways shared w/ bike riders
In early hours of Fri, Sat and Sun nights

Fatigue

Symptoms of fatigue include:

Drowsiness	Restlessness	Boredom
Lazy Steering	Fading out	Tired/sore eyes
Aches and pains	Poor concentration	Highway hypnosis

To stop the fatigue or prevent it:

Pull over for a break	Changing drivers	Avoid late/early driving
Take a break every 2 hours	Stretch your legs	Exercise
Drink a non-alcoholic drink	Get something to eat	Have a good night’s sleep
Don’t drink alcohol	Be aware of drowsy drugs	Constant supply of fresh air

Careers

Goals

• Set clear definite goals
• Goals must be realistic
• Goals must be specific
• Don’t let fear of not achieving the goal stop you

TAFE

Acronym for Technical and Further Education

People attend TAFE either as full-time or part-time students

Classes may run day or evening

People who attend TAFE may be recent school leavers, students still at school, graduates from university, people already working, or unemployed people

TAFE is largely spread across NSW: 12 Institutes with many campuses

• Qualifications

• AQF - Australian Qualifications Framework
• Overseas recognition
• In the VET sector:

Advanced Diploma

Diploma

Certificate IV,III,II,I

Statement of attainment

 

Universities

Universities offer these qualifications:

Diploma	Advanced Diploma	Bachelor Degree	Graduate Certificate
Graduate Diploma	Masters Degree	Doctoral Degree

• To enter university straight from school, you will need a UAI- University Admission Index
• UAIs measure overall academic achievement in the HSC that assists universities in ranking applicants for university selection

Terms

Assumed knowledge

Prerequisites

Subject Prerequisites

Recommended knowledge

Seven steps in decision making

1. Define the problem

2. Gather information

3. Identify alternatives

4. Consider the probable results for each alternative

5. Select an alternative and decide when to act

6. Take the necessary action

7. Examine the result

Sport Injuries

First aid

The initial care of the ill or injured. Care given by the first person to arrive at the scene of an accident based on common sense and knowledge

• Aims of First Aid

Preserve life, including the First Aider and bystanders	Prevent illness or injury becoming worse
Protect the unconscious/casualty	Promote recovery, safe environment

• Types of injuries

Acute injuries:

Injuries that occur suddenly with severe pain

• Chronic injuries:

Injuries that occur over an extended period of time, usually reoccurring frequently, or have resulted from overuse of muscles and joints

• Soft -tissue injuries:

Most commonly injured parts of the body are the muscles, tendons, ligaments and the skin

• Fractures: (treatment)

• Prevent movement
• Control bleeding
• Prevent infection
• Handle patient
• Immobolise injury

• Bleeding: (treatment)

• Rest
• Direct pressure
• Elevate wounded area
• Clean around wound

1. {{ Continued }}

• Apply dressing
• Seek medical aid

• Administer oxygen

• Treating burns

1. Remove the patient from flame
2. Prevent patient from running
3. If water is available - cool burn area
4. If no water is available - smother flames
5. Force patient to lie on the floor or ground
6. Remove smouldering clothing if not adherent to skin
7. Cover area
8. Do NOT - break, peep, apply, ointments
9. Transport gently

• Growth plate injuries
• Bone growth depends on blood supply and occurs at the growth plate portion of the bone.
• This area disappears when full growth has been reached.

• If this area is injured, and the blood supply is significantly affected, then the growth plats can separate, fracture or compress.

The end result of damage to a growth plat is growth being inhibited at this particular joint.

Growth-plate injuries (also know as epiphysical plate injuries) are more common in overweight children and among children who overuse joints by repeated movements of throwing, running or lifting heavy weights

• Heat injuries
• When exercising in hot and hazardous conditions, the body has difficulty maintaining normal body temperature.

• The body loses fluid through evaporation of seat and these fluids must be replaced because the body will become dehydrate and heat exhaustion or heat strok may result.

The treatment for dehydration is to cool the person down by placing them in a shady spot

• If they are unconscious, place them in the recovery position and monitor their Airway, breathing and circulation (ABC)
• Sponge the person with a face washer or sponge soaked in cool water

• Cramps
• A cramp is a muscle spasm

• Caused by prolonged exercise at high temperatures, over exercising, nutrient deficiencies, and circulatory disorders resulting in inadequate blood supply to exercising muscles

Treatment

• Stretch and massage the affect muscle and drink ample cool water to replace loss fluids

• Direct injuries
• Caused by direct and sometimes violent physical contact and occur in the collision and contact sports
• Contact may be with another person, the ground or an object, such as a goalpost.

Indirect injuries

Caused by violent forces that do not involve physical contact

• Generally consist of strains, sprains and muscle tears, and can occur in any sport

Fatigue

Any attempt to do vigourous physical activity with fatigued muscles inevidently leads to injuries

Overtraining

Examples of conditions associated with overtraining include over use injuries, staleness, burn out and stress injuries

Gear

Ill fitting gear and equipment can directly or indirectly lead to injury

Training

Incorrect training techniques that do not train the specific muscles and energy systems for your chosen activity can lead to injury

External forces

Suddenly applied force to the body by a direct blow is a common cause of injury

Internal forces

Some injuries are caused by forces such as muscle or tendon strain, or the overuse of tissues

• Assessment of injuries
• T = Talk
• O = Observe
• T = Touch
• A = Active Movement
• P = Passive movement
• S = Stand

• Healing Process
• R = Rested or Restricted Activity
• I = Ice
• C = Compression
• E = Elevation
• D= Diagnosis

Sexuality

• What is sexuality

• Everything that distinguishes you as a male or female and how this influences your behaviour and personality

What influences your sexuality

Physical

• Changes that take place bout inside and outside your body as you age

Emotional

• Expressed in your feelings

Social

• Affected by many different people including your parents, friends, peers, religion, customs and school

Influences on Decision making about sexual behaviour

School	Media
Peers	Sex Partners
Culture	Religion
Relatives	Family
Adults	State of Mind

Methods of Contraception

Abstinence	Contraception Pill
Condom	Diaphragm
I. U. D. (intra-uterine device)	Morning After Pill
Spermicide	Safe Time
Withdrawal method

Unplanned pregnancies - implications

Difficult to go to school	Difficult to find time
Financial problems	Isolation
Difficult getting a job

Options available

Single parenthood	Marriage of Defacto relationship
Adoption	Abortion
Foster care

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Vaginal thrush	Chlamydia
Genital Warts	Scabies
Gonorrhea	Hepatitis B
Syphilis (the pox)	HIV/AIDS (Human Immunodeficiency virus)

Community Health

Health Promotion

A combination of health education and related interventions

• Interventions can be:

• Organisational
• Political
• Economic

Are designed to:

• Support behavioural and environmental changes that will improve or protect health

Is concerned with preventing illness, death and disability

• All of which cause suffering in the community but also cost the nation an enormous sum each year

Three types of prevention

• Primary

• Directed at people not at risk

Secondary

• Directed at people identified as being at risk, but have not developed any disease

Tertiary

• Directed at people who have suffered from a disease and need to take measure to prevent a reoccurrence

• Guardians of Health and Safety

Police	Doctors
Parents	Ambulance
Teachers	Government
Counselors	Hospital and Nurses
Fire Brigade

• What is the need for Health promotion

Education	Safety
Awareness	Better health

• Health Concerns

Injury and Accidents	Suicide
Women’s health	Domestic Violence
Aboriginal Health	Teenage Pregnancies
Lifestyle	Violence in Society
Environment	Pollution
Drink Driving